A Study on Rising Atmospheric Pollution in Rural India

Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur have found increasing atmospheric pollution in rural India using Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) measurements from satellites. Prof. Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath and Research Scholar Mansi Pathak of Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) of IIT Kharagpur analysed the significant impact of urban pollution on the air quality of rural India by differentiating the pollution in two zones – rural and urban – and assessing the extent of air pollution in rural India. The researchers found that air pollution is not typically an urban phenomenon but can also affects the environment in rural perimeter. They conducted an analysis of the rural air quality to assess the extent of air pollution by measurements of NO2 through satellite imaging. The analysis carefully delineates the rural and urban regions of India, to examine the unheeded rural air pollution. Most air pollution assessments till date, discussed only the urban air quality issues. This analysis exposes increasing trends (0.05–0.44×1015molec./cm2/yr) of NO2 in the rural regions of India.

The study titled “Air Quality Trends in Rural India: Analysis of NO2 Pollution using Satellite Measurements,” highlights that rural sources account for 41 per cent of the overall NO2 pollution in India of which 45 per cent and 40 per cent are from transportation and power sectors, respectively. As the sources of NO2 are well coupled to the industrial and economic upliftment of a nation, the analyses for the rural regions show distinct seasonal changes with the highest value (2.0 1015 molecules per cm2) in winter and the lowest in monsoon (1.5 1015 molecules per cm2) seasons.

Prof. Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath
CORAL
IIT Kharagpur

“What we observe is that there is a decline in air quality in rural India in terms of our NO2 analysis, which is not beyond the threshold levels now, except in regions such as Delhi and suburbs and eastern India. However, given the positive trend in NO2 concentration, the high rate of urbanization and relocation of industries to suburbs, growing population and development activities, other regions of India would also cross the pollution threshold to impact the health of its people, and thus, our massive rural population. This is the real concern and it is the right time to take appropriate actions to control the atmospheric pollution in rural India,” explained Prof. Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath of CORAL, IIT Kharagpur. 

Air pollution is one of the biggest problems in India’s major cities. Comparison of pollutant-wise highest health risk values show that NO2 is about 19 times more harmful than Particulate Matter (PM) and about 25 times more risky than that of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) . The population residing in the regions of high NO2 such as in the proximity of power plants, industries, cities, and in the areas above the permissible limit, are prone to be at high risk of adverse health effects such as asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia and cardiovascular diseases.

 Ms. Mansi Pathak
Research Scholar
IIT Kharagpur

Research Scholar, IIT Kharagpur and lead author of the paper, Ms. Mansi Pathak, stated, “We usually think the atmospheric pollution exists only in cities or it is just an urban threat. The air quality standards in rural regions are often neglected. However, our analysis suggests that it is high time to shift our focus to rural regions and examine the pollution levels and health issues of rural India. This is of paramount importance for a country like India, as rural areas have about 67 per cent of the country’s population (947 million) as of 2020 and public health today stands out to be the utmost priority globally.”

The indirect impact of NO2 on global climate change is not less with a net cooling effect attributed to the oxidation-fueled aerosol production.

Figure: The average concentration and long-term trends in atmospheric NO2 in India for the period 1997-2019.

High Nitrogen Oxide (NO) – which includes Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide – levels in the troposphere can alter ozone formation, contribute to nitrate aerosol formation and acid deposition and affect regional climate.

Prof. Kuttippurath said though, other Indian rural regions are under permissible limits of CPCB, the increasing trends in NO2 would surpass the standards in future if no controlling measures are implemented, which is a serious concern.

This study suggests the need for taking action towards improving rural air quality to reduce the impact of air pollution on the large rural population of India. Although NO2 is a non-abundant gas, its indirect impact on global climate change is likely to be greater, with a net cooling effect attributed to the oxidation-fueled aerosol production. NOx levels in the troposphere can alter ozone formation, contribute to nitrate aerosol formation, and acid deposition and affect regional climate. The regions covered in this study are Indo-Gangetic plain, Central India, North-West India, Peninsular India, Hilly Region and North-East India where the authors analysed atmospheric NO2 concentration in different regions of India for the period 1997-2019.

Figure: Rural and urban atmospheric NO2 concentration in different regions of India for the period 19972019.

“Regulations similar to the Bharat Stage norms (for limiting vehicular emissions) need to be implemented in thermal power plants and industries located in both rural and urban regions, to restrict the overall NO2 pollution in rural India. Introducing new natural gas-fed power plants or using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in older power plants can also reduce emissions, and thus, the NO2 pollution in rural India,” pointed out the researchers.

Publication Links: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00293K

Media Coverage:

PTI UNI Indian Express
Economic Times Dainik Jagran Business Standard
The Print IBC 24 Neo Science Hub

Contact Person: Prof. Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath of CORAL, IIT Kharagpur
Email: jayan@coral.iitkgp.ac.in

Edited By : Poulami Mondal, Digital & Creative Media Executive (Creative Writer)
Email: poulami.mondal@iitkgp.ac.in, media@iitkgp.ac.in, Ph. No.: +91-3222-282007

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The Secret of Getting Ahead is Getting Started – Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2023

Entrepreneurship Cell of  IIT Kharagpur  conducted Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2023

Oprah Winfrey said ,”Do not worry about being successful but work towards being significant and the success will naturally flow.” The entrepreneur always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity. Entrepreneurship is a state of mind, a can-do attitude, a capacity to focus on a vision and work towards it. Sometimes you have to cross the line of familiarity to explore what holds beneath the generic idea of representation and problem solving techniques considering the other variables. Entrepreneurship Cell, under the aegis of Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship (RMSoEE) of IIT Kharagpur organized the Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2023 (GES) 2023 from 3rd to 5th February 2023, returning from the virtual mode after last two editions. This year the opening ceremony was inaugurated by Chief Guest Shri Suresh Prabhu, Former Minister of Industry & Commerce, Aviation and Railway and the Chancellor of Rishihood University, Sonipat who addressed the inaugural ceremony in an online mode in the presence of Prof. Amit Patra, Deputy Director; Prof. C S Kumar, Head, RMSoEE, Prof P K Dan, Associate Professor, RMSoEE along with Special Guest Mr. Kanav Hasija, Co-founder & CPO Innovaccer & an Alumnus of IIT Kharagpur.

Shri Suresh Prabhu, Former Cabinet Minister stated, “IIT Kharagpur is one of the earliest IITs established in India and has a strong reputation both nationally and globally. The growth in recent decades has been phenomenal, with new enterprises bringing fresh ideas and challenging traditional practices. While there is wisdom to be gained from the past, it is crucial to recognize and embrace the changing world, which is driven by formative ideas establishing traditional values.”

Shri Suresh Prabhu
Former Cabinet Minister
Government of India

In the 16th edition of Entrepreneurship Summit 2023, the theme for this year GES 2023 was Realm of Renaissance. E-Cell of IIT KGP conducted keynote sessions from eminent personalities like Mr. Karti Kumar Marshan, President & CMO Kotak Mahindra Group; Mr. Abhijit Roy, MD & CEO, Berger Paints India Ltd., and Mr. Akilur Rahman, CTO Hitachi Technologies among many were conducted. Fireside Chats with Mr. Pulkit Jain, Co-Founder Vedantu; Mr. Rohit Kumar, Co-Founder Filo; Mr. Sean Sohn, CEO, Krafton, Mr. Mikhail Gusev, India Representative, Skolkovo Foundation among others invigorated the student with fresh ideations. Workshops, Product Expo, Professor’s Meet, Women Conclave, Million-At-Stake, Entrepreneurship Dialogues and panel discussions made the event a grand affair and a funding commitment were received by two startups, Atreya Innovation and Genexis Biotech.

   

Empresario’23

The closing ceremony was addressed by Chief Guest Mr. Vishal Chaudhary, Founder, Zetwerk & an Alumnus of IIT Kharagpur along with Alakh Pandey Show that grabbed many eye balls. This 3-day conglomeration provided a platform to interact with startup leaders, win exciting prizes and build an enterprising India. Mr. Gaurav Shah, Partner, Arete Ventures, Mr. Suryaprakash Konanuru, CTO, Ideaspring Capital, Mr. Avelo Roy, Managing Director, Kolkata Ventures, Mr. Bhavesh Choudhary, Partner, Venture Catalyst, Mr. Prashant Kataria, Investment Professional, Bharat Fund were the major investors. The summit attracted many footfalls from the academic world and industry experts with a major turnout.

Global Entrepreneurship Summit is annual flagship initiative of the Entrepreneurship Cell of IIT Kharagpur, being one of the biggest inter-collegiate corporate summits in India. It is a unique platform where industry doyens share their insights based on their experiences and entrepreneurial journey. GES is a confluence of aspiring entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, angel investors, new age entrepreneurs, industry experts, academicians and students. It is a platform for young minds to interact, enable them to create innovative ideas and empower them to build awareness amongst their peers about the ever-growing startup evangelism. Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2023 concluded with great aspirations and formative base models for future goals under the able supervision and guidance of Dr. P K Dan, Associate Professor, Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship.

Media Coverage :

Indian Express

Campus Varta 

Telegraph

 

Dainik Jagran 

 

By : Poulami Mondal, Digital & Creative Media Executive (Creative Writer)
Email: poulami.mondal@iitkgp.ac.in, media@iitkgp.ac.in, Ph. No.: +91-3222-282007

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IIT Kharagpur handed over Industry 4.0 solution to GRSE

The Centre of Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing Technology (CoEAMT) of IIT Kharagpur has handed over its Industry 4.0 solution to Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE), under Ministry of Defence. The Centre has developed a software for GRSE, named iWeld wherein AI will detect the defective portion from weld radiography images and classify the type of defect. Tested over large number of samples at GRSE, it gives a very high accuracy of 93.18%. The software has been developed by Mr. Avishek Mukherjee, Doctoral Scholar of IIT Kharagpur under the supervision of Prof. Surjya K Pal, Chairperson of the CoEAMT and Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of IIT Kharagpur.

iWeld is likely to replace the need of skilled weld supervisors in near future to evaluate the X-ray films. Additionally, CoEAMT has also taken up another project for Research & Development Centre for Iron & Steel (RDCIS) Ranchi, Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) to do the vibration data analytics of exhauster fan in steel industries. The Centre of Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing Technology has also bagged Rs 30.18 Cr project fund in phase-2, from the Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) and Public Enterprises, Government of India to develop various solutions on futuristic manufacturing domains such as cobots in manufacturing, Augmented and Virtual Reality in training and process quality monitoring, affordable healthcare equipment manufacturing, Industry 4.0 solutions for composite wind turbine blade manufacturing etc. with the help of various industries such as Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Metaliks, TCS, Tata Medical and Diagnostics, and LM Windpower.

On the lines of Industry-Academia Collaboration, Prof. Surjya K Pal remarked, “I am sure with such affiliations from Industry and Government funded projects, and regular short term courses on modern manufacturing concepts, and hands-on training programmes throughout the year, the prominence of the Centre will steer ahead. Understanding the country’s need of reskilling and upskilling the manpower on modern manufacturing concepts, CoEAMT provides hands-on training on CNC to working professionals, technical staffs and students. The CNC training that took place from 5th December to 9th December 2022 for the sixth time, had total filled-in participation comprising of working professionals from MSMEs and technical staff members from academic institutes like IIT Kanpur, IIT Goa, students from IIT KGP and many more.”

The Centre of Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing Technology has been established at IIT Kharagpur through the support from the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India, along with a consortium of top six industry members in the country in 2018. The centre aims to stimulate the innovation in low-cost manufacturing solutions for various industries while working in a synergistic way towards the common goals of infusing cutting edge technologies, and to come up with research and development for sustainable products.

Media Coverage :

PTI Outlook India NDTV
Millennium Post The Print Business Standard
News Career 360 The Logical Indian The Hans India

By : Poulami Mondal, Digital & Creative Media Executive (Creative Writer)
Email: poulami.mondal@iitkgp.ac.in, media@iitkgp.ac.in, Ph. No.: +91-3222-282007

Follow us on: Facebook – IIT Kharagpur; Twitter – @IITKgp;  Instagram – @iit.kgp; LinkedIn – Indian Institute of Technology
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Great Innovations only happen when people aren’t afraid to do things differently – YIP 2022

Young Innovators Programme (YIP)  2022 conducted by IIT Kharagpur

Every once in a while, a new technology, an old problem, and a big idea turns into an innovation. Today it is not about how creative, how economical or how formative your idea is, it is about the thought and purpose of making an idea happen. We call India a diversified country, where solutions are evaluated based on the problems related to our socio-economic dynamism. As the nation with the youngest population, our GenZ also known as the Millennials, bring out fresh ideas to our age old problems in their unique way of applying problem solving techniques to the growing hazards of a  growing complicated world. With the intent of providing a podium to these profound young minds, IIT Kharagpur organized a Global Science & Technology Competition empowering greenhorns to solve real-life challenges through innovation. Nurturing and developing the young minds with a passion for Science and Innovation, IIT Kharagpur launched the Young Innovators Program (YIP) 2022 on 5th September 2022. Nearly 500+ schools across India, Saudi Arabia, USA participated in the first round of YIP 2022 on the lines to conceptualize solutions on Affordable Technologies, Health & Hygiene, SMART Technologies, Crisis Management, Energy Convergence, Pollution Control, Environment Conservation, Readymade Product Utilities, Economic Inclusions and Sustainable Future.

32 teams were chosen from more than 1400 participants from different national and international schools for the second round of the 4th edition of the Young Innovators Program (YIP) 2022 which has been successfully conducted by Branding and Relations Cell of IIT Kharagpur from 20th to 22nd January 2023. Out of 32, 12 teams have advanced to the third round, and 5 teams were declared as the YIP 2022 winners. The audience was in it for a treat to watch so many outstanding projects, creative ideas, and analytical thinking from the youngsters throughout the event. The young innovators were truly inspirational as Future World Changers. The programm helps to promote a culture of innovation among students in science and technology at a very early stage of their academic journey. The competition aims to recognize the creative ability of students and ignite the innovation in their minds to work upon some of the really interesting real-world problems.

When the soft breeze of January winters encapsulated the entire campus, the morning campus tour for the students became a memorable journey. One of the students excitedly said, “It feels like an hill station with the big-big trees.” As soon as the IIT bus rolled out, the children enjoyed the popular spots of IIT Kharagpur with candid photos along with visit to various departments, halls of residence, student activity centres, TSG, sports stadiums,Nehru Museum, hijli jail etc. The enthusiasm among the students to visit the largest IIT campus in India with 2100 acres was impressive. Those sparkling eyes were mesmerized with the beauty of a green laden campus which acts like a cocoon to nurture the best minds in the country weaving ideas, dreams and a world creating opportunities. The young minds were awestruck to see the Nehru Museum and the gallery of the Indian Knowledge System. One of the student exclaimed in astonishment, said, “IIT Kharagpur has own their Museum as well?” to which one our student representative, Abhinil Kumar replied , “Yes and it also has a jail where freedom fighters were punished by the then British Government,” which stirred the curiosity among all the students to see the famous Hijli Jail of IIT Kharagpur.

Prof. Amit Patra, Deputy Director, IIT Kharagpur stated, “India is the country of the youth where constant inventions from the remotest places, has the capability to address the challenges that the society faces today. The youth of this country are the inheritors of the Aspirational India who will take this country way forward on the path of Atmanirbhar Bharat. I invite everyone to participate in this programme to promote the spirit of creation, innovation and inclusion. Students will also get the opportunity to interact with distinguished professors and experience the first, largest, and most dynamic campus of IIT Kharagpur.”

Each team had either 2 or 3 students from the same school and was judged on the basis of ideation, research, feasibility, cost of construction, portability, authentication and originality. Round 1 consisted of an online submission of a detailed report explaining the working of their Model/Idea on the chosen theme. Results for Round 1 was released on the IIT Kharagpur website. ‘Technological adherence to Agro-Culture’ was the most favoured subject expertise chosen by the young innovators at IIT Kharagpur’s Young Innovators Program 2022. Providing solutions to the worldly conflicts threatening basic survival needs to create a more sustainable world, the teams and their supervisors showed cognitive and analytical applications to basic problems which the world fails to address.

Anjali Gera Roy, PIC, Branding & Relations remarked, “The Young Innovators Programme was launched to tap the talent of budding scientists and technologists and nurture them so that they can contribute to new India’s self-sustenance goals.  The young participants’ grasp of complex scientific concepts, out of the box thinking and translation of abstract ideas into concrete, usable technologies was astounding. Selecting the best 5 projects out of all 32 teams qualifying for the final round proved to be a daunting task for the judges as they were all exceptional. The enthusiasm, energy and enterprise of the participants over the three-day event was palpable and rubbed off on all of us.  Catch them young I would say, if you want to find dynamic and innovative solutions for pressing contemporary problems and build a new India.”

Team “XYLEM” from Bhartiyam International School, with project “AGROBOT,” was the winner of the Yong Innovators Programme (YIP)  2022. AGROBOT is a robotic drip irrigation system that transports water through a feed pipe. The primary goal of this device is maneuvering the vehicle towards the plants to supply water rather than utilizing expensive pipelines. This initiative aims to reduce water waste and provide water where it is lacking. It is possible to transform this concept into a large-scale prototype, which would be very beneficial to the farmers and will be an economical purchase rather than laying strips of pipelines that requires regular maintenance. 

Team Pure Power winning the 1st Runner-up Position

Eliminating chemical pollutants from wastewater so that it can be reused while producing electricity from it stood second position in YIP 2022. The purpose of this project aimed towards a sustainable future and to inculcate indigenous mechanism for treating the wastewater. “Pure Power” from Ridge Valley School represented this concept under the topic, “Sustainable Hydroelectric Plant for Independent Establishment.” Hydroelctric plant using wastewater is one of the process to treat wastewater that cannot be used otherwise and is a very good implementation towards health and hygiene.

Team AGRICRAFT winning the Third Position

Team “AGRICRAFT” from WWA Cossipore English School, with the project “Vertical Farming,” won the third position in YIP 2022. This project aims to use extensive vertical racking to grow crops on multiple levels to optimize space and manage all the resources and conditions needed for farming. The autonomous and economical irrigation system based on soil moisture content was the major goal of this project. Vertical Farming grasped the attention of many with installation of crop production for weather balance, construction in any areas ranging from infertile lands to highly developed areas encouraging food production. This process helps in the requisite flow of water as per needs and this also helps in recycling of water along with rain water harvesting system. For the construction, moisture sensors have been used in each level with sliders which can be moved to change the direction of the moisture sensor so that variety of water could be grown easily. The water required for the different stages of crop could be controlled through this system. For the circuit design, simply relay mechanism have been used.

Team AGNIMAA winning the Fourth Position

Team “AGNIMAA – The Fuel Saver” from Sagar Public School in Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, won the fourth prize with their project, “Utilization of heat energy via LPG.” This project aims to maximize the utility of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). They employed the physics concepts of conduction and convention, which allow heat from one burner to be transported to another while also allowing us to use the excess heat to keep food warm or cook it over a low flame. It is perfect example of conventional form of clean energy which can burn easily and can be transported easily being sensitive to environmental degradation.

Team ALSET winning the Fifth Position

Team “ALSET” from Sanskriti The Gurukul School, with the project “ECORAGE,” is the fifth winner. The project’s primary goal is to identify various waste types so that they can be easily recycled. This is a practical problem-solving strategy because it harms us when recyclable and non-recyclable waste are burned in combination in the factories. Ecorage can segregate wastes like metal, organic, and other types by using various sorts of sensors.

  

As a result of population explosion which is ever accelerating, intensify the pressure on food production. This, in turn, leads to higher food insecurity, more greenhouse gas emissions, and large-scale environmental degradation. Food production, therefore, needs to adapt to accommodate the growing population and a changing climate.

The interaction of the students with IIT professors and other subject matter experts gave them the window needed to let in ideas flow in in amalgamation of technological pursuits. Prof. Suman Chakraborty, Former Dean R&D; Prof. Rintu Banerjee; HOD, Agricultural & Food Engineering; Prof. Jayanta Mukhopadhyay, Dean Outreach & Alumni Affairs; Prof. Debashish Chakravarti, Associate Dean, Alumni Affairs and Prof. Surjya Kanta Pal, Chairperson, Centre of Excellence in Advanced Manufacturing Technology and others shared their experiences with the participating teams sand guided them towards a technology driven world that awaits for their innovative ideas and technological gambits.

Each of the five winning ideas had a clear objective and primarily focuses on a problem that exists in real life. “The concepts that these young students came up with are just unique and extraordinary. Congratulations to all members of the winning team and also to all the teams that took the initiative to participate in the pargramme. We wish all of them the very best for their future and are eager to see all these projects become a industry ready,” said Student Volunteer Abhinil Kumar of the Branding and Relations Cell, IIT Kharagpur.

On the context of G20 presidency to establish India as the Vishwaguru, when these ideas will be implemented on a broader scale of commercialization and meets industry needs in the future markets, they will have a major impact on our economic solutions making India Atmanirbhar and give the younger minds of the country the confidence to build technology for the world while recognizing the potential benefits of technical education along with a holistic development. 

By : Poulami Mondal, Digital & Creative Media Executive (Creative Writer)
Email: poulami.mondal@iitkgp.ac.in, media@iitkgp.ac.in, Ph. No.: +91-3222-282007

Follow us on: Facebook – IIT Kharagpur; Twitter – @IITKgp;  Instagram – @iit.kgp; LinkedIn – Indian Institute of Technology
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